Filosofi ståikor
Hvad er stoicisme?
The Stoics identified the path to achieving it with a life spent practicing the four virtues in everyday life—wisdom, courage, temperance or moderation, and justice—as well as living in accordance with nature. Alongside Aristotle's ethics , the Stoic tradition forms one of the major founding approaches to virtue ethics. Many Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus —emphasized that because "virtue is sufficient for happiness ", a sage would be emotionally resilient to misfortune.
The Stoics also held that certain destructive emotions resulted from errors of judgment, and they believed people should aim to maintain a will called prohairesis that is "in accordance with nature ".
Because of this, the Stoics thought the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how a person behaved. It experienced a decline after Christianity became the state religion in the 4th century CE. Since then, it has seen revivals, notably in the Renaissance Neostoicism and in the contemporary era modern Stoicism.
stoicisme - Filosofisk retning fra år 300 f.v.t. - Lex
Philosophy does not promise to secure anything external for man, otherwise it would be admitting something that lies beyond its proper subject-matter. For as the material of the carpenter is wood, and that of statuary bronze, so the subject-matter of the art of living is each person's own life. The Stoics provided a unified account of the world, constructed from ideals of logic , monistic physics and naturalistic ethics.
Of these, they emphasized ethics as the main focus of human knowledge, though their logical theories were of more interest for later philosophers. Stoicism teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions ; the philosophy holds that becoming a clear and unbiased thinker allows one to understand the universal reason logos. Stoicism's primary aspect involves improving the individual's ethical and moral well-being: " Virtue consists in a will that is in agreement with Nature.
Hvad er stoicisme?
The Stoic ethic espouses a deterministic perspective; in regard to those who lack Stoic virtue, Cleanthes once opined that the wicked man is "like a dog tied to a cart, and compelled to go wherever it goes". This viewpoint was later described as " Classical Pantheism " and was adopted by Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The name Stoicism derives from the Stoa Poikile Ancient Greek : ἡ ποικίλη στοά , or "painted porch", a colonnade decorated with mythic and historical battle scenes on the north side of the Agora in Athens where Zeno of Citium and his followers gathered to discuss their ideas, near the end of the 4th century BC.
Stoicism was originally known as Zenonism. However, this name was soon dropped, likely because the Stoics did not consider their founders to be perfectly wise and to avoid the risk of the philosophy becoming a cult of personality. Zeno's ideas developed from those of the Cynics brought to him by Crates of Thebes , whose founding father, Antisthenes , had been a disciple of Socrates.
Zeno's most influential successor was Chrysippus , who followed Cleanthes as leader of the school, and was responsible for molding what is now called Stoicism. No complete works survived from the first two phases of Stoicism. Only Roman texts from the Late Stoa survived. Of all the schools of ancient philosophy, Stoicism made the greatest claim to being utterly systematic. Stoicism teaches the development of self-control as a means of overcoming destructive emotions ; the philosophy holds that becoming a clear and unbiased thinker allows one to understand the universal reason logos.
Stoicism's primary aspect involves improving the individual's ethical and moral well-being: " Virtue consists in a will that is in agreement with Nature". Diodorus Cronus , who was one of Zeno's teachers, is considered the philosopher who first introduced and developed an approach to logic now known as propositional logic , which is based on statements or propositions, rather than terms, differing greatly from Aristotle's term logic.
Later, Chrysippus developed a system that became known as Stoic logic and included a deductive system, Stoic Syllogistic, which was considered a rival to Aristotle's Syllogistic see Syllogism. New interest in Stoic logic came in the 20th century, when important developments in logic were based on propositional logic. Susanne Bobzien wrote, "The many close similarities between Chrysippus's philosophical logic and that of Gottlob Frege are especially striking".
Bobzien also notes that, "Chrysippus wrote over books on logic, on virtually any topic logic today concerns itself with, including speech act theory, sentence analysis, singular and plural expressions, types of predicates , indexicals , existential propositions , sentential connectives , negations , disjunctions , conditionals , logical consequence , valid argument forms, theory of deduction , propositional logic, modal logic , tense logic , epistemic logic , logic of suppositions , logic of imperatives , ambiguity and logical paradoxes ".
The Stoics held that all beings ὄντα —though not all things τινά —are material. But, unlike Aristotle, they extended the idea to cover all accidents. Thus, if an object is red, it would be because some part of a universal red body had entered the object. They held that there were four categories :. The Stoics outlined that our own actions, thoughts, and reactions are within our control.
The opening paragraph of the Enchiridion states the categories as: "Some things in the world are up to us, while others are not.